Donoghue v Stevenson → neighbour principle; Caparo → three-stage test; Hedley Byrne → negligent misstatement; Bolam → professional standard; Byrne v Boadle → res ipsa…
Donoghue v Stevenson → neighbour principle; Caparo → three-stage test; Hedley Byrne → negligent misstatement; Bolam → professional standard; Byrne v Boadle → res ipsa loquitur.
Alcock → secondary victims (Hillsborough); Bourhill v Young → bystander; McLoughlin → aftermath.
St Helen's Smelting → locality; Sturges v Bridgman → coming to the nuisance; Hunter v Canary Wharf → who can sue; Ratlam → municipal duty; Cambridge Water → foreseeability.
Entick v Carrington → trespass by the State; Bird v Jones → partial restraint is not false imprisonment; Tuberville v Savage → words negativing assault.
Hulton v Jones → intention irrelevant; Subramanian Swamy → criminal defamation valid; Rajagopal → privacy and press.
Re Polemis → directness (overruled); Wagon Mound → foreseeability; Hughes → kind of harm; Smith v Leech Brain → thin skull; Scott v Shepherd → squib.
Rylands → strict liability; Read v Lyons → escape; M.C. Mehta → absolute liability; Vellore → precautionary and polluter pays.
P&O → sovereign vs non-sovereign; Vidhyawati → State liable; Kasturi Lal → State not liable (sovereign); Rudul Sah → compensation under Art 32; Nilabati → no sovereign immunity in public law; D.K. Basu → arrest guidelines.
IMA v Shantha → doctors under the CPA; LDA v M.K. Gupta → housing authorities; Laxmi Engineering → commercial purpose.
Deepal Girishbhai Soni → Section 163A vs 166; Swaran Singh → insurer's liability; Sarla Verma → multiplier; Pranay Sethi → conventional heads and future prospects.
Excel Crop Care → relevant turnover; Belaire/DLF → abuse of dominance in real estate; SAIL → CCI's expert role; Brahm Dutt → constitutional validity.
Covers CPA limitation, CPA 2019 pecuniary limits (2021 Rules), CCPA advertising penalty, MVA, Competition Act and more.
CPA limitation
Appeals under CPA 2019
CCPA advertising penalty
MVA
Competition Act
Limitation in tort
CPA limitation: 2 years. Appeals under CPA 2019: 45 days (District → State), 30 days (State → National), 30 days (National → Supreme Court); 50% pre-deposit.
CPA 2019 pecuniary limits (2021 Rules): District up to ₹ 50 lakh; State above ₹ 50 lakh up to ₹ 2 crore; National above ₹ 2 crore (verify).
CCPA advertising penalty: up to ₹ 10 lakh (first), up to ₹ 50 lakh (repeat); endorser ban 1 year / 3 years.
MVA: no-fault ₹ 50,000 / 25,000 (older) and ₹ 5 lakh / 2.5 lakh (2019); hit-and-run ₹ 2 lakh / 50,000; High Court appeal in 90 days; claim limitation removed.
Competition Act: DVT ₹ 2,000 crore; combination review 150 days; prima facie opinion 30 days; cartel penalty up to 3 times profit or 10% turnover, whichever is higher; appeals to the NCLAT.
Limitation in tort: defamation, malicious prosecution and false imprisonment 1 year.
Covers Damnum sine injuria, Volenti, Motive, Slander, Statutory authority and more.
Damnum sine injuria
injuria sine damno
Volenti
contributory negligence
Motive
Slander
Statutory authority
Rylands
Damnum sine injuria is not actionable; injuria sine damno is actionable.
Volenti is a complete defence; contributory negligence is a partial defence.
Motive is irrelevant in tort except in nuisance, conspiracy, defamation and malicious prosecution.
Slander generally needs special damage (English rule) with four per se exceptions; Indian courts treat the distinction loosely.
Statutory authority: permissive vs mandatory statutes.
Rylands has exceptions; M.C. Mehta absolute liability has none.
Public-law compensation (Articles 32/226) is not barred by sovereign immunity; private-law suits against the State follow Article 300 and Vidhyawati/Kasturi Lal.
The CCPA protects consumers as a class; the Commissions decide individual complaints.
Section 163A claims need no proof of negligence; Section 166 claims do.
Dominance is not prohibited; abuse is. Horizontal agreements carry a presumption of AAEC; vertical agreements follow the rule of reason.
Do fact-based questions first (case ↔ principle, section numbers); they are quick.
For statement-type questions, test each statement independently; a single wrong detail (a period, an amount or an author) is often the trap.
For recent-change questions (CPA 2019, MVA 2019, Competition Amendment 2023), prefer the latest law unless the question names the earlier Act.
With no negative marking, attempt every question.
In the final week, revise Topics 7–10 (statute-heavy and amendment-heavy) after the classic torts topics, and recheck every verify item against the official text.
Last updated: . Notes are a revision aid; check official UGC sources for any rule or scheme that changes over time. Spotted a mistake? Write to netlawverse@gmail.com.